Blackheads (open comedones), visible pores, and congestion arise from the accumulation of sebum, dead skin cells, and debris within the follicle.

When this material is exposed to air, it oxidises and darkens, forming a blackhead. These are most commonly seen on the nose, chin, and central face, where sebaceous gland activity is higher. While blackheads are non-inflammatory, they can progress to pimples if Cutibacterium acnes proliferates within the blocked pore.

Congestion may also present as clusters of small bumps, uneven texture, or enlarged pores. Pores often appear more noticeable when filled with compacted sebum or when surrounding skin loses elasticity.

Key contributing factors include:

• Excess sebum production (hormonal or genetic)
  
• Inefficient exfoliation leading to corneocyte buildup
  
• Occlusive or comedogenic skincare and makeup
  
• Heat, humidity, sweat, and environmental pollution
  
• A weakened skin barrier impairing normal desquamation
  

Reduced skin elasticity, making pores appear more prominent